Main Debates

• Assistance to those displaced outside the EU v. duty to provide protection within European state territory
• Non-entrée policies v. duty to provide protection

Main Point

• Tension between objectives of migration control, particularly control of irregular migration, and protection obligations

EU Documents

1. Regulation No 610/2013/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code), the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement, Council Regulations (EC) No 1683/95 and (EC) No 539/2001 and Regulations (EC) No 767/2008 and (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
2. B Regulation No. 562/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 Establishing a Community Code on the Rules Governing the Movement of Persons Across Borders (Schengen Borders Code), OJ L 105, 13 April 2006.

UNHCR Document

1. UNHCR. 'Oral intervention before the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Hirsi and Others v. Italy', 22 June 2011.
2. UNHCR, ’Intervention before the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Hirsi and Others v. Italy’, 29 March 2011.
3. UNHCR, ’Advisory Opinion on the Extraterritorial Application of Non-Refoulement Obligations under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol’, 26 January 2007.

Cases

1. Zakaria (C-23/12), Court of Justice of the European Union, 17 January 2013.
2. Adil (C-278/12 PPU), Court of Justice of the European Union, 19 July 2012.
3. Association nationale d'assistance aux frontières pour les étrangers (ANAFE) (C-606/10), Court of Justice of the European Union, 14 June 2012.
4. Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy, Application no. 27765/09, Grand Chamber, European Court of Human Rights, 23 February 2012.
5. Gaydarov (C-430/10), Court of Justice of the European Union, 17 November 2011.
6. M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece, Grand Chamber, European Court of Human Rights, 21 January 2011 (see also Section VI.1.2).
7. Regina v. Immigration Officer at Prague Airport and Another, Ex parte European Roma Rights Centre and Others (on the application of European Roma Rights Centre et al) v. Immigration Officer at Prague Airport & Anor (UNHCR intervening), 2004 UKHL 55; 2005, 2 AC 1. (See also Section VI.2.3.2).

Readings

Core

1. E. Guild, C. Costello, M. Garlick, V. Moreno-Lax, M. Mouzourakis, 'New approaches, alternative avenues and means of access to asylum procedures for persons seeking international protection', (European Parliament, DG for Internal Policies, Policy Department C, 2014), PE 509.989.
2. V. Moreno Lax, ’Hirsi Jamaa and Others v Italy, or the Strasbourg Court versus Extraterritorial Migration Control?’, Human Rights Law Review, vol. 12, no. 3 (2012), pp. 574-598.
3. ECRE, 'Defending Refugees: Access to Protection in Europe', December 2007.

Extended

1. J. van der Klaauw ‘Irregular Migration and Asylum-Seeking: Forced Marriage or Reason for Divorce?’, in B. Bogusz, R. Cholewinski, A. Cygan, and E. Szyszczak (eds), Irregular Migration and Human Rights: Theoretical, European and International Perspectives (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2004), Chapter II.6.
2. Pro Asyl, ’Pushed Back – systematic human rights violations against refugees in the aegean sea and at the greek turkish land border’, November 2013.
3. Human Rights Watch, ’Pushed Back, Pushed Around: Italy’s Forced Return Of Boat Migrants And Asylum Seekers, Libya’s Mistreatment Of Migrants And Asylum Seekers’ (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2009).
4. Oxfam, ‘Foreign Territory: The Internationalisation of EU Asylum Policy’ (Oxford: Oxfam, 2005), pp. 7–69.
5. T. Spijkerboer, ‘Briefing Paper: Trends in the Different Legislations of the Member States Concerning Asylum in the EU: The Human Costs of Border Control’, IPOL/C/LIBE/FWC/2005-23-SC1 PE 378.258, 2006.
6. Cathryn Costello, ‘Courting Access to Asylum in Europe: Recent Supranational Jurisprudence Explored’, Human Rights Law Review vol. 2, (2012), pp. 287-339.

Editor’s Note

Examine how attempts to reconcile migration control and protection have been made when EC legislation was proposed and applied in practice and when the legislation was adopted.

 VI.2.3 Access to Territory and Access to Procedures

EU Documents

#	Name	Size
1	Regulation (EC) No. 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 Establishing a Community Code on the Rules Governing the Movement of Persons Across Borders (Schengen Borders Code), OJ L 105, 13 April 2006.	Empty

UNHCR Documents

#	Name	Size
1	UNHCR, Advisory Opinion on the Extraterritorial Application of Non-Refoulement Obligations under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol 26 January 2007.	Empty

Cases

#	Name	Size
1	M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece, Grand Chamber, European Court of Human Rights, 21 January 2011.	Empty

 VI.2.3.1 The EU’s External and Internal Borders

EU Documents

#	Name	Size
1	Report on the Evaluation and Future Development of the FRONTEX Agency, COM (2008) 67.	Empty
2	Regulation (EC) No 863/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007.	Empty
3	Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code).	Empty
4	Council Resolution of 26 June 1997 on Unaccompanied Minors who are Nationals of third Countries, OJ C 221, 19 July 1997.	Empty
5	Council Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004 of 26 October 2004 establishing a European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, OJ L 349/1, 25 November 2004.	Empty

 VI.2.3.2 Interception and Rescue at Sea

EU Documents

#	Name	Size
1	Commission Staff Working Document, Study on the international law instruments in relation to illegal immigration by sea, SEC (2007) 691, 15 May 2007.	Empty

UNHCR Documents

#	Name	Size
1	UNHCR, ‘Background Note on the Protection of Asylum Seekers and Refugees Rescued at Sea’, 1 March 2002.	Empty
2	UNHCR, Selected Reference Materials: Rescue at Sea, Maritime Interception and Stowaways, November 2006.	Empty
3	UNHCR, Rescue at Sea. A Guide to Principles and Practice as Applied to Migrants and Refugees, September 2006.	Empty
4	UNHCR ExCom, ‘Protection Safeguards in Interception Measures’, Conclusion No. 97 (LIV), 10 October 2003.	Empty

 VI.2.3.3 Visas

EU Documents

#	Name	Size
1	Council Regulation (EC) No 851/2005 of 2 June 2005 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001	Empty
2	Council Regulation (EC) No 334/2002 of 18 February 2002 amending Regulation (EC) No 1683/95 laying down a uniform format for visas OJ L53 of 23 February 2002.	Empty
3	Council Regulation (EC) No 1932/2006 of 21 December 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No 539/2001	Empty

 VI.2.3.4 Carrier Sanctions

EU Documents

#	Name	Size
1	Council Directive (EC) 2004/82 on the obligation of carriers to communicate passenger data OJ L261, 6 August 2004.	Empty
2	Council Directive (EC) 2003/110 on assistance in cases of transit for the purposes of removal by air OJ L 321, 6 December 2003.	Empty
3	Council Directive (EC) 2001/51 supplementing the provisions of Article 26 of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement OJ L187, 10 July 2001.	Empty

 VI.2.3.5 Extraterritorial Immigration Control and Extraterritorial Processing

EU Documents

#	Name	Size
1	Communication from the Commission to the Council the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. ‘Migration and Development: Some Concrete Orientations’ COM (2005) 390.	Empty
2	Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM (2004) 410, 4 June 2004.	Empty
3	Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Regional Protection Programmes, COM (2005) 388, 1 September 2005.	Empty
4	A Common Immigration Policy for Europe: Principles, Actions and Tools, COM (2008) 359, 17 June 2008.	Empty

UNHCR Documents

#	Name	Size
1	UNHCR, ‘Observations on the Communication on Regional Protection Programmes’, 10 October 2005.	Empty

 VI.2.3.6 Biometrics and Databases